信息摘要：
晶閘管是一種由四層p型和n型材料組成的固態半導體器件。它只作為雙穩態開關，當門接收到電流觸發信號時進行導電，并一直這樣做，直到跨器件的電壓反向偏置，或直到電壓(通過其...
晶(jing)閘管是(shi)一(yi)種由(you)四層p型和n型材料組成的(de)固態半導體(ti)器件。它(ta)只(zhi)作為雙穩(wen)態開關，當門接收到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)觸(chu)發信(xin)號時進行導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，并一(yi)直這樣做，直到跨(kua)器件的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓反(fan)向偏置，或直到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(通過其他方法)消除。有(you)兩種設計(ji)，不同之處在于觸(chu)發導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)狀態的(de)方式(shi)。在三線晶(jing)閘管中(zhong)，柵極(ji)引線上的(de)小電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)控制著從(cong)陽極(ji)到陰極(ji)的(de)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)。在雙線晶(jing)閘管中(zhong)，當陽極(ji)和陰極(ji)之間的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位差足夠大(da)(擊(ji)穿電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓)時，晶(jing)閘管開始通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。
一批晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)器件在1956年上市。由于(yu)(yu)(yu)晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)可(ke)(ke)以利用(yong)(yong)(yong)小器件來控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)較大的(de)功率和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓，因此它們廣泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)功率控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，從調光器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機轉速控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)到高壓。直(zhi)(zhi)流輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)開關(guan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器更換電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、逆變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、振蕩(dang)器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)平檢(jian)測電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、斬波電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、調光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、低成本定時器電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、邏(luo)輯電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)、速度控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)等。晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)起初僅依靠反向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流來關(guan)閉，這使(shi)得施加直(zhi)(zhi)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)很困難。較新的(de)設(she)備類型(xing)可(ke)(ke)以通(tong)過控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)門信號來開啟(qi)和關(guan)閉。后者稱(cheng)為閘(zha)極截(jie)止晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)或(huo)GTO晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)。晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)不(bu)(bu)像晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)管(guan)(guan)(guan)那樣是比例(li)器件。換句話說，晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)只能完(wan)(wan)全開或(huo)完(wan)(wan)全關(guan)，而晶(jing)(jing)體(ti)管(guan)(guan)(guan)只能介于(yu)(yu)(yu)兩(liang)者之間。這使(shi)得晶(jing)(jing)閘(zha)管(guan)(guan)(guan)不(bu)(bu)適(shi)合(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)(yu)模擬放大器，但可(ke)(ke)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)作開關(guan)。
晶(jing)閘管是一種(zhong)四(si)層三(san)端半導體器件，每一層由n型或(huo)p型交替材料(liao)組成(例如，p-n-p-n)。用陽極和陰極標記(ji)的主端子(zi)橫(heng)跨(kua)所有四(si)層。控制(zhi)終(zhong)端(稱為柵極)連(lian)接(jie)(jie)到陰極附近的p型材料(liao)上。(一種(zhong)稱為SCS(硅控制(zhi)開關(guan))的變體將所有四(si)層連(lian)接(jie)(jie)到終(zhong)端。)晶(jing)閘管的工(gong)作可以(yi)通(tong)過一對緊耦合的雙極晶(jing)管來理解，雙極晶(jing)管被(bei)配置成自鎖(suo)動作:
當陽(yang)極(ji)相對(dui)于(yu)陰(yin)極(ji)處于(yu)正電(dian)(dian)位(wei)VAK時(shi)，柵極(ji)上沒有施加電(dian)(dian)壓，接(jie)(jie)點J1和(he)J3是正向(xiang)偏壓，而接(jie)(jie)點J2是反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)偏壓。當J2反(fan)(fan)向(xiang)偏置時(shi)，不導電(dian)(dian)(截止狀(zhuang)態(tai))。現在，如果VAK增加到(dao)晶閘管的擊穿電(dian)(dian)壓VBO, J2就會發生雪崩擊穿，晶閘管開始通電(dian)(dian)(on狀(zhuang)態(tai))。
相對于陰極(ji)施(shi)加正電位VG時(shi)，VAK值較低時(shi)節點J2發生(sheng)擊穿(chuan)。通過選擇合適的VG值，晶閘(zha)管可(ke)以快(kuai)速(su)切換到(dao)on狀態。
在(zai)(zai)雪(xue)崩(beng)擊穿的(de)(de)情況下(xia)，不管門(men)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)如何(he)，晶閘管都將繼(ji)續打開(kai)，直到:(a)潛在(zai)(zai)的(de)(de)VAK被移除，或(huo)者(b)流經(jing)設備(陽極(ji)陰極(ji))的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流小于制造商規定的(de)(de)保持(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流。因此，VG可以是電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)脈(mo)沖，如UJT弛豫(yu)振蕩器輸出的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。
柵(zha)極(ji)電壓(IGT)和柵(zha)極(ji)電流(liu)用來觸(chu)發(fa)柵(zha)極(ji)電流(liu)。柵(zha)極(ji)觸(chu)發(fa)電流(liu)與(yu)柵(zha)極(ji)脈沖寬度成反比。這樣，很明顯，觸(chu)發(fa)晶閘管需(xu)要小的門電荷。
在(zai)(zai)傳統的晶閘管中(zhong)，一旦通過柵(zha)打(da)開，只要(yao)陽極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)超過，器件就會保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)鎖存(也就是(shi)說，它(ta)可以(yi)在(zai)(zai)沒(mei)有(you)柵(zha)極(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)續供應的情況下保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)鎖存)。門閂電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(IL)。只要(yao)陽極(ji)保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)正，除非(fei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)降到保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(IH)以(yi)下，否則就不能關(guan)閉陽極(ji)。在(zai)(zai)正常工作條件下，閂鎖電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)總是(shi)大于(yu)保(bao)持(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)。
如果外部電(dian)(dian)路使(shi)陽極(ji)變成負偏置，晶(jing)閘管可以關閉(一種稱為自然換相或(huo)線路換相的(de)方(fang)法)。在某些應用(yong)中，這(zhe)是通(tong)過切(qie)換晶(jing)閘管使(shi)電(dian)(dian)容器放電(dian)(dian)到晶(jing)閘管的(de)陽極(ji)來實現(xian)的(de)。這(zhe)種方(fang)法稱為強制(zhi)換相。
